The pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftazidime, a third generation cephalosporin, were investigated in six BUFFALO CALVES after single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight. Ceftazidime concentrations in plasma and urine were determined by microbiological assay. Ceftazidime disposition was best fitted by a two-compartmental and a one-compartmental open model with first-order elimination after IV and IM dosing, respectively. After IV administration, distribution was rapid (t1/2a=0.15±0.01 h) with an area under the ceftazidime plasma concentration/time curve (AUC0-¥) of 253.9±7.8 mg/ml.h and a steady state volume of distribution (Vd (ss)) of 0.18±0.01 L.kg-1. The elimination half life (t1/2b) and total body clearance were 3.4±0.2 h and 39.5±1.2 ml/kg/h, respectively. Following intramuscular administration, the absorption half life (t1/2ka), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), AUC0-¥ and bioavailability were 0.25±0.04 h, 45.8±2.7 mg/ml, 0.75 h, 207.9±9.9 mg/ml.h and 81.7±5.9%, respectively. Urinary excretion of ceftazidime was less than 55% 36 h post administration. In vitro plasma protein binding of ceftazidime was 13.1±1.1%. To maintain minimum therapeutic concentration of 4 mg/ml, a satisfactory dosage regimen of ceftazidime in BUFFALO CALVES would be 9.4 mg/kg to be repeated at 12 h intervals. In conclusion, ceftazidime (10 mg/kg, IM) shows favorable pharmacokinetic behavior in BUFFALO CALVES.

The pharmacokinetics of cefpirome was investigated in BUFFALO CALVES following its single intramuscular (IM) administration (10 mg). The peak plasma concentration of cefpirome at 30 min was 9.0 ± 0.5 mg.ml-1, which declined to 0.2 ± 0.1 mg.ml-1 at 24 hrs. The absorption half-life (t1/2Ka) and elimination half-life (t1/2 b) were 0.19 ± 0.03 hr and 2.39 ± 0.05 hr, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), area under the first moment curve (AUMC), apparent volume of distribution (Vdarea), total body clearance (ClB), mean residence time (MRT) and total duration of therapeutic effect (td) were 28.7 ± 1.9 mg.ml-1.hr, 107.7 ± 6.7   g.ml-1.hr2, 0.42 ± 0.01 L.kg-1, 0.12 ± 0.003 L.kg-1.hr-1, 3.76 ± 0.04 hr and 12.7 ± 0.3 hr, respectively. The systemic bioavailability (F) after IM administration of cefpirome in CALVES was 35.3 ± 3.1%. To maintain a minimum therapeutic concentration of 0.25 mg.ml-1, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefpirome in BUFFALO CALVES was 3.46 mg.kg-1 followed by 3.36 mg.kg-1 at 12-hour intervals. Cefpirome was bound to the plasma proteins of BUFFALO CALVES in vitro to the extent of 30.7 ± 1.9%.

BACKGROUND: BUFFALO is one of the most important animals for the source of milk and meat, and it is also used for draught purposes in Bangladesh. Gastrointestinal parasites in the BUFFALO CALVES lead to reduced growth and hinder the development of BUFFALO industry in Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to identify the gastrointestinal parasitic load in the BUFFALO CALVES at Sylhet district, Bangladesh. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from one hundred seventy (170) BUFFALO CALVES from different areas of Sylhet district and samples were examined using sedimentation, and floatation techniques. A morphological examination of parasitic eggs was performed to identify the parasitic species. RESULTS: Among the 170 CALVES examined in the present study, 62 (36. 47%) were found positive with different parasites. Two species of gastro-intestinal parasites were identified, among them 26. 47% positive with Neoascarisvitulorum, 5. 88% with Strongyloides sp. and 4. 12% with Strongyle type. The prevalence of gastro-intestinal (GI) parasites in males (44. 12%) was lower than in female (55. 88%) CALVES. A relatively higher worm load was observed in summer (58. 82%) than rainy (41. 18%) season. The prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasitic infections was significantly higher (P≤ 0. 05) in CALVES aged 6 months of age (44. 12%) than CALVES of 6-12 months of age (32. 35%) followed by 13-18 months of age (23. 53%). EPG (egg per gr of feces) ranged from 50-1950. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that the prevalence of GI parasites in BUFFALO CALVES in Sylhet is relatively higher regardless of age, sex, and seasons. Data generated through this study will help to adopt necessary measures to control the GI parasitic infections in BUFFALO CALVES in developing countries like Bangladesh.

Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone was studied in BUFFALO CALVES (Bubalus bubalis) after single intravenous and intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg body weight. The drug concentrations in plasma samples were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Following intravenous administration, the drug was rapidly distributed (Cpo: 106.5±9.64 mg/ml; t1/2a: 0.09±0.01 h; Vdarea: 0.48±0.05 L/kg) and eliminated (t1/2b: 1.27±0.04 h) from the body with a clearance rate of 4.40±0.44 ml/min.kg. Following intramuscular administration, the peak plasma concentration of the drug was 15.8±2.4 μg/ml at 0.5 h and the drug was detected up to 12 h. The drug was rapidly absorbed from the site of injection (t1/2ka: 0.35±0.01 h), widely distributed (Vdarea: 1.53±0.2 L/kg) and slowly eliminated from the body (t1/2b: 4.38±0.4 h; ClB: 4.01±0.30 ml/min.kg). The bioavailability of ceftriaxone was 70.2±2.0% following intramuscular injection. Intramuscular injection of ceftriaxone has favourable pharmacokinetics and moderate bioavailability in BUFFALO CALVES and can be used for susceptible infections in CALVES.

Para-Influenza type 3 viruses are one of the most important respiratory system pathogens in cattle and BUFFALO which causes economical losses in cattle and BUFFALO raising industries. The aim of this study was to determine the PI3 frequency rate in BUFFALO CALVES in Khuzestan tropical area and detect the associated factors. One hundred two serum samples were obtained from BUFFALO CALVES in winter, spring and fall seasons of 2004 in Ahvaz city. Virus detection test, serum neutralizing test were performed on the samples. Statistical analysis was performed to show the relationship between disease and season, sex, and age. Among 102 samples fifty (49%) were positive for SN test. In spring 97.1%, in fall 7.5% and in winter 48.1% of cases was positive (p<0.001) a many cases 45% were male and 45.0% were male and 54.8% were female (p=0.441), age of 22.4% of cases were less than 12 months old and all the 12months old cases were positive (p<0.001). Prevalence of antibody against Para Influenza Type 3 was 49% in BUFFALO CALVES in Ahvaz as a tropical area. According to economic losses, administrators' more attentions and further researches are necessary.

This experiment has conducted to assess the utilization of urea treated date palm leaves in fattening of BUFFALO male CALVES. In order to increase the nutritive value of date palm leaves, it treated by 5 percent of urea. The experiment was done based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three treatments and five replications during 138 days. The initial 15 days of experiment was considered as adaptation period. Treatments include three diets containing zero (control), 12.5 and 25 percent (on dry matter basis) of urea treated date palm leaves that replaced part of the forage (bagasse) ration of animals. The diets were included 50 percent forage, 50 percent concentrate. Treated date palm leaves contained 14.67±0.18 percent crude protein and 0.74±0.06 Mcal/Kg metabolizable energy. Experimental measurements included daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were 6.81, 7.25, 7.11 kg and 0.845, 0.889, 0.902 kg and 8.24, 8.19, 7.97 respectively. The results showed there were no significant differences between treatments for all factors (P>%5). It was concluded that 25 percent of ration can be used date palm leaves treated by 5 percent of urea in fattening BUFFALO's CALVES ration (on dry matter basis).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate epidural application of lidocaine, lidocaine-verapamil and verapamil in BUFFALO CALVES. Sixteen BUFFALO CALVES of both sexes with 5-7 months age and 60-90 kg weight were assigned in three groups and received one of the three treatments of lidocaine (0. 2 mg/kg, n=6, LID), lidocaine-verapamil (0. 2 mg/kg – 2. 5 mg, n=6, LID-VER) and verapamil (2. 5 mg, n=4, VER). Onset and duration of tail paralysis and perineal anti-nociception as well as changes in heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded. The onset of tail paralysis in LID was significantly shorter than that of LID-VER and VER (p<0. 05). The onset of perineal anti-nociception was not significantly different among groups (p>0. 05). The duration of tail paralysis and perineal anti-nociception were not significantly different among three groups (p>0. 05). Full perineal anti-nociception was observed in 66% of CALVES in LID and LID-VER, whereas it was 25% in VER. HR in LID-VER and VER showed significant decreases at several time points in comparison with base (p<0. 05). RR and RT, in comparison with base, were not significantly different (p>0. 05). Based on the results of the current study, verapamil alone and in combination with lidocaine, has no advantages over lidocaine alone, after epidural application in BUFFALO CALVES. Furthermore, epidural application of verapamil decreased HR in BUFFALO CALVES.

The aim of this study was to investigate the probiotic potential of autochthonous Lactobacillus species isolated from BUFFALO CALVES against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. A total of 252 rectal swabs were collected from healthy neonatal BUFFALO CALVES under 30 days old from six districts of Andhra Pradesh, India in a completely randomized design from August 2019 to August 2021, of which 190 Lactobacillus strains were isolated based on cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular tests. Out of 190 isolates, 57 showed high levels of auto-aggregation (> 80.00%) and hydrophobicity (> 60.00%) and 51 of the 57 isolates had a zone of inhibition greater than 15.00 mm in diameter against multidrug-resistant E. coli in an Agar well diffusion assay. Among the 51 isolates, 36 were found to be acid and bile tolerant and showed varying levels of sensitivity to antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin. Among the 36 isolates, Limosilactobacillus reuteri 178, L. reuteri 209, L. fermentum 182, L. fermentum 211, and Lactiplanti-bacillus plantarum 34 were non-hemolytic, and none of the isolates were able to hydrolyse gelatine. Therefore, these five autochthonous Lactobacillus species may be used in probiotic or synbiotic formulations against multidrug resistant E. coli in BUFFALO CALVES.

The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin following its single intramuscular administration (3 mg/kg) was investigated in six male BUFFALO CALVES. Peak plasma level of 2.95±0.13 mg/ml was observed at 1 h and the drug level above MIC90 in plasma was detected up to 12 h of administration. The bioavailability was 68.1±5.4% and levofloxacin was bound to the plasma proteins to the extent of 19.1±1.5%. High values of AUC (8.81±0.37 mg.h/ml) and Vdarea (1.06±0.04 L/kg) reflected a vast area of body covered by drug concentration and appropriate penetration of levofloxacin into various body fluids and tissues. The elimination half-life and mean residence time were 3.27±0.31 h and 5.4±0.59 h, respectively. The total body clearance was 343.2±14.1 ml/kg/h. An appropriate intramuscular dosage regimen for levofloxacin in BUFFALO CALVES would be 1.7 mg/kg repeated at 12-h intervals.